Devices for mounting solar PV panels to roofs and other mounting structures

ABSTRACT

This disclosure discusses devices for mounting solar PV panels to a roof and other mounting structures. One device may include a railless mounting assembly that includes a roof attachment bracket and a panel attachment bracket. The roof attachment bracket may include a spring clip and a hook. The device may include a solar panel frame with built-in detents for mounting. It may include a solar panel frame capable of attaching to the spring clip and hook.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/122,044, filed on Mar. 15, 2023. The contents of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/122,044 are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

A solar array is a grouping of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels used together as a system. Solar racking systems can secure solar arrays to building rooftops, shade structures, or the ground.

Rail-based solar racking systems typically use rails, clamps, and brackets to mount solar PV panels to roofs. Railless solar racking systems can secure solar PV panels to roofs without using rails. They typically use bracket assemblies to clamp and secure the solar PV panel onto roofs or other mounting structures.

A rail-based residential racking system with twenty-one solar PV panels might use twelve rails, forty-eight clamps, and forty-two brackets. A railless system with the same number of solar PV panels might use forty-four bracket assemblies. Some commercial installations could have one hundred times this many components.

SUMMARY

The inventors set out to create easier to install solar racking systems. They put their attention on railless solar racking systems, because these typically require fewer parts, and are easier to transport than rail-based systems. However, the inventors observed that some railless solar racking systems are difficult to install, and are structurally complex. The number of components in typical residential or commercial installations exasperates this problem. The inventor's solar racking system solves these problems. The inventor's system may include devices, such as railless mounting assemblies and solar panel frames. Detents and other clamping features built into the solar panel frame, simplifies installation and structural complexity. An installer or system designer can use the railless mounting assemblies and solar panel frames together or separately.

The following is an example of how the railless mounting assemblies and solar panel frames can work together. Railless mounting assemblies may include a roof attachment bracket and a panel attachment bracket. The panel attachment bracket secures the frame of the solar PV panel. A threaded fastener typically secures the panel attachment bracket with the roof attachment bracket. Roof fasteners secure the roof attachment bracket to the roof.

Railless mounting assemblies may optionally include two panel attachment brackets to secure two solar panels together. One or both panel attachment brackets can include a hinge arm and spring clip. The hinge arm and spring clip can flex. This allows the installer to rotate the solar panel frame into the attachment bracket. Once rotated, the spring clip, by spring tension, secures the solar panel frame to the panel attachment bracket.

The solar panel frame can include a frame face, a return flange, and detent riser. The frame face forms the outside perimeter of the solar panel frame. The return flange forms an inward facing lip at the bottom of the solar panel frame. It extends inward from the bottom of the frame face. The detent riser extends up from the end of the return flange. A detent located in the frame face, extends downward toward the detent riser. A second detent extends downward from the detent riser toward the frame face.

The attachment bracket may include a hook, shaped to catch and hold the detent in the frame face. The spring clip typically presses against the detent riser. Optionally, the spring clip can catch and hold the second detent.

This Summary discusses a selection of examples and concepts. These do not limit the inventive concept to the examples given. Additional features and advantages will be apparent from the Detailed Description, figures, and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates, in perspective view, a solar array secured to a roof.

FIG. 2 illustrates, in perspective view, the solar array of FIG. 1 , with a portion of the solar PV panels cutaway to show the structure beneath.

FIG. 3 illustrates a left side section view of the solar array taken along section lines 3-3 in FIG. 1 .

FIG. 4 illustrates a portion of FIG. 3 showing a railless mounting assembly securing two solar PV panels.

FIG. 5 illustrates a portion of FIG. 3 showing a railless mounting assembly securing the leading edge of one of the solar PV panels.

FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of FIG. 3 illustrating attachment of a second solar PV panel to the railless mounting assembly.

FIG. 7 illustrates, in left side view, a portion of the solar panel frame.

FIG. 8 illustrates, in front isometric view, a portion of the solar panel frame of FIG. 7 .

FIG. 9 illustrates in rear isometric view a portion of the solar panel frame of FIG. 7 .

FIG. 10 illustrates a portion of the solar panel array of FIG. 3 using a second example of a solar panel frame.

FIG. 11 illustrates, in left side view, a portion of the solar panel frame of FIG. 10 .

FIG. 12 illustrates, in front isometric view, a portion of the solar panel frame of FIG. 10 .

FIG. 13 illustrates in rear isometric view a portion of the solar panel frame of FIG. 10 .

FIG. 14 illustrates a portion of the solar panel array of FIG. 3 using a third example of a solar panel frame.

FIG. 15 illustrates, in left side view, a portion of the solar panel frame of FIG. 14 .

FIG. 16 illustrates in front isometric view a portion of the solar panel frame of FIG. 14 .

FIG. 17 illustrates in rear isometric view a portion of the solar panel frame of FIG. 14 .

FIG. 18 illustrates a portion of the solar panel array of FIG. 3 using a fourth example of a solar panel frame.

FIG. 19 illustrates, in left side view, a portion of the solar panel frame of FIG. 18 .

FIG. 20 illustrates in front isometric view a portion of the solar panel frame of FIG. 18 .

FIG. 21 illustrates in rear isometric view a portion of the solar panel frame of FIG. 18 .

FIG. 22 illustrates, in front isometric view, the solar panel clamp assembly from FIG. 4 .

FIG. 23 illustrates, in front isometric view, the solar panel clamp assembly from FIG. 5 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The Detailed Description and Claims may use ordinals such as “first,” “second,” or “third,” to differentiate between similarly named parts. These ordinals do not imply order, preference, or importance. This disclosure uses “optional” to describe features or structures that are optional. Not using the word “optional” does not imply a feature or structure is not optional. In this disclosure, “or” is an “inclusive or,” unless preceded by a qualifier, such as either, which signals an “exclusive or.”

The Detailed Description includes the following sections: “Definitions,” “System Overview,” “General Principles and Examples,” and “Conclusion and Variations.”

Definitions

Return Flange: As defined in this disclosure, a return flange is the lower lip of a solar panel frame that projects inward underneath the solar panel.

Railless Mounting Assembly: As defined in this disclosure, a railless mounting assembly secures solar PV panels to a roof or building structure without rails.

System Overview

FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a solar array 100 with examples of devices, conceived by the inventors, to mount solar PV panels to roofs and other mounting structures. The solar array 100 includes solar PV panel 101 and a solar PV panel 102. A solar panel frame 103 surrounds and supports the active element 104 of the solar PV panel 101. Similarly, a solar panel frame 105 surrounds and supports the active element 106 of the solar PV panel 102. Railless mounting assembly 107 and railless mounting assembly 108 secure to the leading edge of solar panel frame 103. FIG. 2 shows railless mounting assembly 109, 110 securing the trailing edge of solar panel frame 103 and the leading edge of solar panel frame 105. Railless mounting assembly 111 and railless mounting assembly 112 secure the trailing edge of solar panel frame 105. FIGS. 1 and 2 show the railless mounting assemblies secured to a roof 113.

FIG. 3 illustrates a section view of the solar array 100 taken along section lines 3-3 in FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 uses break lines to shorten solar PV panel 101 and the solar PV panel 102 so they fit on the drawing sheet. FIG. 3 illustrates how railless mounting assemblies secure the solar PV panel to the roof. The railless mounting assemblies include a roof attachment bracket and a panel attachment bracket. The panel attachment bracket secures the frame of the solar PV panel. The roof attachment bracket secures to the roof. As illustrated, railless mounting assembly 107 includes panel attachment bracket 114 secured with the roof attachment bracket 115. Panel attachment bracket 114 secures solar panel frame 103 to the railless mounting assembly 107. Railless mounting assembly 109 includes panel attachment bracket 117 and panel attachment bracket 118 secured to the roof attachment bracket 119. Panel attachment bracket 117 secures solar panel frame 103 to the railless mounting assembly 109. Panel attachment bracket 118 secures solar panel frame 105 to the railless mounting assembly 109. Railless mounting assembly 111 includes panel attachment bracket 120 and the roof attachment bracket 121 secured together. Panel attachment bracket 120 secures solar panel frame 105 to railless mounting assembly 111. Threaded roof fasteners secure the roof attachment brackets 115, 119, 121 to the roof 113. For example, in FIGS. 3 and 5 , threaded roof fasteners 122, 123, 124 secure roof attachment bracket 115 to roof 113. FIGS. 3 and 6 show threaded roof fasteners 125, 126, 127 secure roof attachment bracket 119 to roof 113.

General Principles and Examples

FIG. 4 illustrates a portion of FIG. 3 enlarged to show the railless mounting assembly 109, solar panel frame 103 and solar panel frame 105 in greater detail. The roof attachment bracket 119 includes a bracket base 119 a and a bracket riser 119 b extending upward from the bracket base 119 a. The panel attachment bracket 118 includes a vertical base 118 a, a panel support 118 b, a hook 118 f, and a spring clip 118 g. The vertical base 118 a secures to the bracket riser 119 b. The panel support 118 b includes a hinged arm 118 c and a panel platform 118 d. The hinged arm 118 c, extends obliquely away from the vertical base 118 a. The panel platform 118 d extends obliquely away from the hinged arm at an angle disposed to seat the solar panel frame 105 of the solar PV panel 102. The hook 118 f extends downward from an upper end of the vertical base toward the panel support 118 b. The spring clip 118 g extends upward away from a panel platform end (i.e., the panel support end) and towards the vertical base 118 a.

The solar panel frame 105 includes a frame face 105 a, a return flange 105 b, and a detent riser 105 c. The frame face 105 a forms an outside perimeter of the solar panel frame 105. The return flange 105 b extends inward from a bottom end of the frame face 105 a. The detent riser 105 c extends upward from an end of the return flange 105 b. A first detent 105 d projects inward and downward into the frame face 105 a toward the detent riser 105 c. A second detent 105 e extends downward from the detent riser 105 c toward the frame face 105 a. The hook 118 f engages the first detent 105 d. The spring clip 118 g engages the detent riser 105 c. Spring clip 118 g uses spring tension to press the solar panel frame 105 against the hook 108 f. This secures the solar PV panel 102 to the railless mounting assembly 109. In some variations, the spring clip 118 g extends upward until it overlaps the second detent 105 e. This would allow the spring clip 118 g to engage and secure to the second detent 105 e.

FIG. 4 shows the first detent 105 d and the second detent 105 e positioned below a midline 105 f of the frame face 105 a. The midline 105 f is equidistant between the frame top 105 g and the return flange 105 b. Positioning the first detent 105 d and the second detent 105 e below the midline 105 f, allows them to engage with more compact clamps than would otherwise be possible. The frame top 105 g extends inward from an upper end of the frame face 105 a. Optionally, a panel shelf support 105 i can extend upward from the return flange 105 b and intersect the panel shelf 105 h to help create greater structural rigidity.

The panel shelf 105 h extends inwardly from the frame face 105 a. The frame top 105 g and the panel shelf 105 h together form a cavity for receiving the active element 102 a of the solar PV panel 102. The panel shelf 105 h can form a support for the active element 102 a.

The bracket riser 119 b includes a first bracket riser face 119 c and a second bracket riser face 119 d. FIG. 4 shows the panel attachment bracket 118 secured against and extending away from the first bracket riser face 119 c. FIG. 4 also shows the panel attachment bracket 117 secured to and extending away from the second bracket riser face 119 d. FIG. 4 shows panel attachment bracket 118 positioned above bracket base 119 a. FIG. 4 also shows the panel attachment bracket 117 positioned away from the bracket base 119 a. A threaded fastener 128 secures the panel attachment bracket 117 and panel attachment bracket 118 to the bracket riser 119 b. The relative position of the panel attachment brackets 117, 118 with respect to bracket riser 119 b align the top of solar PV panel 101 and solar PV panel 102 in the same plane.

In FIG. 4 , a threaded bonding fastener 136, electrically bonds the solar panel frame 103 to railless mounting assembly 109. A threaded bonding fastener 137 electrically bonds the solar panel frame 105 to railless mounting assembly 109. The threaded bonding fastener 137 extends through panel attachment bracket 118. The panel attachment bracket 118 hides the threaded bonding fastener 137 in FIG. 4 . FIG. 22 illustrates threaded bonding fastener 137.

In FIGS. 4 and 5 , panel attachment bracket 117 and panel attachment bracket 114 are structurally equivalent. The reader can apply the description that follows for panel attachment bracket 114 to panel attachment bracket 117. In FIG. 5 , the panel attachment bracket 114 extends away from the bracket base 129 a of the roof attachment bracket 129. A threaded fastener 130 secures the panel attachment bracket 114 of the railless mounting assembly 107 to the bracket riser 129 b. Note that in FIG. 4 , threaded fastener 128 secured both the panel attachment bracket 118 and panel attachment bracket 117 to the roof attachment bracket 119. The threaded fastener 131, in FIG. 4 , when fully tightened, can apply additional clamping pressure between the solar panel frame 103 and the panel attachment bracket 117.

In FIG. 5 , the panel attachment bracket 114 includes a vertical base 114 a extending downward from the clamping portion 114 b of the panel attachment bracket 114. The clamping portion 114 b can include a clamp base 114 c, a first clamp side 114 d, and a second clamp side 114 e. The clamp base 114 c extends away from the vertical base 114 a. The first clamp side 114 d extends upward from the intersection of the clamp base 114 c and the vertical base 114 a. The second clamp side 114 e extends upward from the end of the clamp base 114 c. A first hook end 114 f extends downward from an upper end of the first clamp side 114 d. A second hook end 114 g extends downward from an upper end of the second clamp side 114 e. The first hook end 114 f engages and secures the first detent 103 d of the solar panel frame 103. The second hook end 114 g engages and secures the second detent 103 e of the solar panel frame 103. A threaded bonding fastener 137 engages the detent riser 103 c of the solar panel frame 103. The threaded bonding fastener 137 electrically bonds the solar panel frame 103 to railless mounting assembly 107. The remaining structure of the solar panel frame 103 is the same as the structure of the solar panel frame 105.

FIG. 6 illustrates how an installer can attach the solar PV panel 102 to the railless mounting assembly 109. FIG. 6 shows solar PV panel 101 secured to railless mounting assembly 107 and railless mounting assembly 109. First, the installer secures solar PV panel 101 to the roof 113. The installer then rotates the solar PV panel 102, so the first detent 105 d of the solar panel frame 105 engages and catches the hook 118 f. As the installer rotates solar PV panel 102, the solar panel frame 105 pivots against the hook 118 f. The detent riser 105 c presses against the inside of the spring clip 118 g. This causes hinged arm 118 c to hinge downward, allowing the solar panel frame to snap into place and rest against the panel platform 118 d. The spring clip 118 g engages the detent riser 105 c by spring pressure, pressing the frame face 105 a against the vertical base 118 a. This secures the solar PV panel 102 to the panel attachment bracket 118. An installer or system designer can extend this column of the solar array 100 of FIG. 1 by replacing railless mounting assembly 111 with an additional instance of railless mounting assembly 109. The installer can rotate the next solar PV panel in the column, as described.

FIGS. 7-9 illustrate a portion of solar panel frame 105. FIGS. 7-9 illustrate the frame face 105 a, return flange 105 b, detent riser 105 c, first detent 105 d, second detent 105 e, midline 105 f, frame top 105 g, panel shelf 105 h, panel shelf support 105 i in the structural relationship described for FIG. 4 . In FIG. 7 , the first detent 105 d extends from the frame face 105 a into a hollow cavity 105 j. The hollow cavity extends between the panel shelf 105 h, the return flange 105 b, the frame face 105 a, and the panel shelf support 105 i. The first detent 105 d includes a lower detent portion 105 k and an upper detent portion 105 m. The lower detent portion 105 k extends downward and inward from the frame face 105 a into the hollow cavity 105 j. The upper detent portion 105 m extends outward from the hollow cavity 105 j to the frame face 105 a. As shown, the lower detent portion 105 k and the upper detent portion 105 m can extend at different angles. This can help hold and seat a hook, such as hook 118 f of FIG. 4 or first hook end 114 f and second hook end 114 g of FIG. 5 . In FIG. 7 , second detent 105 e can include a first detent portion 105 u and a second detent portion 105 v. The first detent portion 105 u extends downward from the detent riser upper end toward the panel shelf support 105 i. The second detent portion 105 v extends downward and outward toward the detent riser 105 c. As shown, the second detent 105 e can optionally be triangular shaped. The first detent portion 105 u, the second detent portion 105 v, and the detent riser 105 c together form the triangular shape. The triangular shape increases rigidity, which prevents bending under stress, while optimizing material use.

The reader will note that solar panel frame 103 and solar panel frame 105 have the same structure. For this reason, the description above for solar panel frame 105 also applies to solar panel frame 103.

FIGS. 10-21 illustrates variations in the cross-sectional profiles of the solar panel frame envisioned by the inventors. FIGS. 10, 14, and 18 show these variations applied to solar array 100 shown in FIG. 3 .

In FIG. 10 , solar PV panel 132 includes solar panel frame 133. Solar panel frame 133 attaches and secures to panel attachment bracket 114 and panel attachment bracket 117, as previously described for solar panel frame 103 in FIGS. 3-5 . The solar PV panel 134 includes solar panel frame 135. Solar panel frame 135 attaches to panel attachment bracket 118, as previously described for solar panel frame 105 in FIGS. 3 and 4 . To provide greater detail, FIG. 10 omits railless mounting assembly 111. However, solar panel frame 135 from FIG. 10 attaches to railless mounting assembly 111 of FIG. 3 as previously described.

FIGS. 11-13 illustrates a portion of the solar panel frame 135. Solar panel frame 135 lacks the panel shelf support. Otherwise it shares the same structure as solar panel frame 105 of FIGS. 7-10 . The panel shelf support 105 i in FIG. 7 gives the solar panel frame 105 greater structural rigidity. However, in some circumstances, the lighter weight and lower material costs of solar panel frame 135 of FIG. 11 may outweigh the greater structural rigidity of the solar panel frame 105 of FIG. 7 .

FIGS. 11-13 illustrates the frame face 135 a, return flange 135 b, detent riser 135 c, first detent 135 d, second detent 135 e, midline 135 f, frame top 135 g, and panel shelf 135 h in the structural relationship described for FIG. 4 for frame face 105 a, return flange 105 b, detent riser 105 c, first detent 105 d, second detent 105 e, midline 105 f, frame top 105 g, and panel shelf 105 h, respectively.

In FIG. 14 , solar PV panel 142 includes solar panel frame 143. The solar panel frame 143 attaches to panel attachment bracket 114 and panel attachment bracket 117, as previously described for solar panel frame 103 of FIG. 3 . Solar PV panel 144 includes solar panel frame 145. The solar panel frame 145 attaches to panel attachment bracket 118, as previously described for solar panel frame 105 of FIG. 3 . To provide greater detail, FIG. 14 omits railless mounting assembly 111. However, solar panel frame 145 from FIG. 14 attaches to railless mounting assembly 111 of FIG. 3 as previously described.

FIGS. 15-17 illustrates a portion of the solar panel frame 145. Except for the addition of the frame slot 145 n extending lengthwise along the bottom of the return flange 145 b, solar panel frame 145 of FIGS. 15-17 shares the same structure as solar panel frame 135 in FIGS. 11-13 . In FIGS. frame face 145 a, return flange 145 b, detent riser 145 c, first detent 145 d, second detent 145 e, frame top 145 g, and panel shelf 145 h share the same structural relationship as described for solar panel frame 105 of FIG. 4 .

In FIG. 15 , the frame slot 145 n includes a frame slot opening 145 p and a frame slot cavity 145 o. The frame slot opening 145 p extends lengthwise along the bottom of the return flange 145 b. FIG. 15 shows the frame slot cavity 145 o positioned above the frame slot opening 145 p. The frame slot cavity 145 o may be wider than the frame slot opening 145 p to hold fasteners or other mounting hardware captive. For example, the frame slot cavity 145 o can hold a mounting structure attachment, such as a bolt head, t-bolt, or tongue captive. Frame slot sides 145 q, 145 r and a frame slot top 145 s enclose the frame slot cavity 145 o. As illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 , the frame slot sides 145 q, 145 r and frame slot top 145 s add structural rigidity to the structure of the return flange 145 b.

In FIG. 18 , solar PV panel 152 includes solar panel frame 153. The solar panel frame 153 secures to the panel attachment bracket 114 and panel attachment bracket 117. Solar panel frame 153 includes a pair of detents, first detent 153 d and second detent 153 e, that are structurally the same as first detent 103 d in FIG. 5 . First hook end 114 f and second hook end 114 g of panel attachment bracket 114 engage and secure first detent 153 d and second detent 153 e, respectively. The solar PV panel 154 includes solar panel frame 155. Solar panel frame 155 attaches to panel attachment bracket 118 as previously described for solar panel frame 105 securing to panel attachment bracket 118 in FIG. 4 . To provide greater detail, FIG. 18 omits railless mounting assembly 111. However, solar panel frame 155 from FIG. 18 attaches to railless mounting assembly 111 of FIG. 3 as described above.

In FIGS. 19-21 , the solar panel frame 155 includes an L-shaped cavity 155 j. The frame face 155 a, return flange 155 b, detent riser 155 c, panel shelf base 155 t, panel shelf support 155 i, and panel shelf 155 h, together enclose the L-shaped cavity 155 j. The return flange 155 b extends inward from the bottom of the frame face 155 a. The detent riser 155 c extends upward from the return flange end. Panel shelf base 155 t extends inward from the detent riser top. The panel shelf support 155 i extends upward from the panel shelf base 155 t. Panel shelf 155 h extends inward from the panel shelf support 155 i and intersects the frame face 155 a. The first detent 155 d and the second detent 155 e extend into the L-shaped cavity 155 j. The first detent 155 d extends into the surface of the frame face 155 a. The second detent 155 e extends into the surface of detent riser 155 c. In FIG. 19 , the first detent 155 d includes lower detent portion 155 k and upper detent portion 155 m. The second detent 155 e includes lower detent 155 w and upper detent portion 155 x. The lower detents and upper detents can extend away at different angles, as described in FIG. 7 . In FIGS. 19-21 , the frame top 155 g extends inward from the top of the frame face 155 a. The frame top 155 g and the panel shelf 155 h form a cavity for receiving the active element of the solar PV panel. The panel shelf 155 h seats the active element of the solar PV panel.

FIG. 22 illustrates an exploded isometric view of the railless mounting assembly 109 of FIG. 4 . FIG. 22 illustrates panel attachment bracket 117, panel attachment bracket 118, roof attachment bracket 119, threaded fastener 128, threaded fastener 131, threaded bonding fastener 136, and threaded bonding fastener 137. FIG. 22 illustrates these components in exploded view to reveal their features and structure. The threaded fastener 131 screws into threaded aperture 117 i by extending through a washer 141, an aperture in the vertical base 118 a, slot-shaped aperture 119 e, and aperture 117 h. Slot-shaped aperture 119 e extends through the bracket riser 119 b. Aperture 117 h extends through the first clamp side 117 d of the panel attachment bracket 117. The threaded aperture 117 i extends through the second clamp side 117 e of the panel attachment bracket 117. The panel support 118 b hides the aperture in the vertical base 118 a. The threaded fastener 128 screws into threaded aperture 117 j by extending through washer 148, aperture 118 h, and slot-shaped aperture 119 e. Threaded aperture 117 j extends through the first clamp side 117 d. Aperture 118 h extends through the vertical base 118 a. The threaded bonding fastener 136 extends through aperture 117 k in the second clamp side 117 e. The threaded bonding fastener 137 extends through aperture 118 i in the upper portion of the vertical base 118 a.

FIG. 23 illustrates an exploded isometric view of the railless mounting assembly 107 of FIG. 5 . FIG. 23 illustrates panel attachment bracket 114, roof attachment bracket 129, threaded fastener 130, and threaded bonding fastener 138. FIG. 23 illustrates these components in exploded view to reveal their features and structure. The threaded fastener 130 screws into threaded aperture 114 i by extending through a washer 151, slot-shaped aperture 129 e, and aperture 114 h. The slot-shaped aperture 129 e extends through the bracket riser 129 b. Aperture 114 h extends through the first clamp side 114 d of the panel attachment bracket 114. The threaded bonding fastener 138 extends through aperture 114 k in the second clamp side 114 e. Threaded aperture 114 i extends through the second clamp side 114 e of panel attachment bracket 114.

Conclusion and Variations

The Summary, Detailed Description, and figures described devices for mounting solar PV panels to roofs and other mounting structures. This disclosure provides examples of devices, components, and configurations to help the reader understand the described general principles. The following are examples of variations and combinations of different components, structures, and features that still adhere to the general principles.

FIGS. 1-4 illustrates a solar array 100 with two solar PV panels, solar PV panel 101 and solar PV panel 102 for simplicity. The solar array is scalable in depth and width. An installer or system designer can use the principles discussed in FIG. 4 to extend the depth of the solar array column. For example, they can replace railless mounting assembly 111 and railless mounting assembly 112 with railless mounting assembly 109 and railless mounting assembly 110, respectively. An installer can extend the array widthwise by adding more columns next to the installed columns.

Solar panel mounting clamp assemblies of FIGS. 1-6, 22, and 23 are typical. An installer or system designer can use the frames of FIGS. 7-9, 11-13, 15-17, and 19-21 with other railless mounting assemblies that can clamp and secure the frames while meeting local, regional, or national regulatory rules.

The solar panel frames and the railless mounting assemblies discussed in this disclosure are typically aluminum extrusions. Extruded aluminum is durable, electrically conductive, and can have enough strength for typical solar panel installations. The inventors conceive of extruding the solar panel frames or the railless mounting assemblies from other electrically conductive materials or non-electrically conductive materials. They also conceive of using other manufacturing processes such as molding, 3D printing, or casting. Suitable materials could include steel or electrically conductive plastics, non-electrically conductive thermal plastic, or thermoset polyurethane.

It is within the scope of this disclosure to combine features from one example or variation with another. A hybrid variation of the solar panel frame could include the solar panel frame 145 of FIG. 15 with the panel shelf support 105 i of FIG. 7 . In FIG. 15 , the panel shelf support could extend between the frame slot top 145 s and panel shelf 145 h. A second hybrid variation of the solar panel frame could include the solar panel frame 155 of FIG. 19 combined with the frame slot 145 n of FIG. 15 . This combination combines the structural strength and rigidity of the solar panel frame 155 with the versatility of using t-bolts or other captive mounting hardware to secure the frame bottom.

The solar panel frames illustrated and discussed throughout this disclosure are suitable for a variety of installations. This includes the illustrated roof mount railless solar panel installations. It also includes installation on any suitable mounting structures, such as rooftops, carports, shade structures, or ground mount installations.

The threaded roof fasteners illustrated throughout this disclosure suggest what an installer could use. The threaded roof fasteners as illustrated in FIGS. 3-6, 10, 14, and 18 are hex-head decking screws. This screw head style is compatible with common power or hand tools. The installer could choose threaded roof fasteners with other head styles that suits either power tools or hand tools. For example, the installer could use a hex-head cap screw or a hex-head decking screw with a hexagonal socket. Other examples include pan-head, button-head, or round head screws. These can include hexagonal sockets, Phillips head sockets, slotted sockets, hi-torque sockets, square sockets, Robertson head sockets, or Torx head sockets. They can also include various custom or off-the-shelf security head screws. The threaded roof fasteners illustrated are deck screws with built-in seals. They could alternatively be lag bolts with sealing washers. An installer can substitute screws or bolts that can perform the specified function, provide a watertight seal, and provide enough holding strength to meet environmental and regulatory conditions expected for their installation.

Similarly, FIG. 22 illustrates threaded fastener 128 and threaded fastener 131 as cap head screws with hexagonal socket. FIG. 23 also illustrates threaded fastener 130 with a hex-head cap screw (i.e., a cap screw with a hexagonal socket). The installer or system designer can substitute screws or bolts with other screw heads and sockets that provide enough holding strength to meet environmental and regulatory conditions expected for their installation.

FIG. 22 illustrates washer 141 and washer 148 as internal tooth metal washers. FIG. 23 also illustrates washer 151 as an internal tooth washer. An installer can choose other washer types according to their requirements. For example, an internal tooth metal washer, external tooth metal washer, and split metal washer are suitable for creating an electrical bonding between the threaded fastener, roof attachment bracket, and panel attachment bracket. An installer can choose these washers or other washers suitable for electrical bonding. For installations without electrical bonding through railless mounting assemblies, an installer can choose any suitable washer that helps to hold the threaded fastener in place under environmental and regulatory conditions expected for their installation.

The variations described, the general principles taught, and undescribed variations, devices, and systems that encompass the general principles described in this disclosure, are within the claim's scope. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A device, comprising: a solar PV panel that includes an active element; and a solar panel frame comprising three or more frame portions joined together to form a closed frame that surrounds and supports the active element, each frame portion of the three or more frame portions the solar panel frame comprises a frame face that forms an outside face of the closed frame perimeter of the solar PV panel, a return flange extending inward from a bottom end of the frame face, a detent riser extending upward from an end of the return flange, a first detent extending inward and downward into the frame face toward the detent riser, and a second detent that extends downward from the detent riser toward the frame face.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the first detent and the second detent positioned below a midline of the frame face.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein: the second detent includes a first detent portion that extends downward toward the frame face and a second detent portion below the first detent portion that extends downward toward the detent riser.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein: the second detent is triangular shaped.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein: the detent riser includes an upper end and the second detent extends downward from a detent riser upper end toward the frame face.
 6. The device of claim 1, wherein: the first detent includes a lower detent portion extending inward and downward into the frame face and an upper detent portion positioned above the lower detent portion and extending outward toward the frame face.
 7. The device of claim 6, wherein: the lower detent portion extends inward and downward at a different angle than the upper detent portion extends outward and upward.
 8. The device of claim 1, wherein: the solar panel frame further includes a panel shelf extending inward from the frame face and a frame top extending inward from an upper end of the frame face and over the panel shelf, the frame top, the panel shelf, and an interior surface of the frame face form a cavity for receiving the active element, and the panel shelf forms a support for the active element.
 9. A device, comprising: a solar panel frame comprising three or more frame portions joined together to form a closed frame that is capable of surrounding and supporting an active element of a solar PV panel, each frame portion of the three or more frame portions comprises a frame face that forms an outside face of the closed frame, a return flange extending inward from a bottom end of the frame face, a detent riser extending upward from an end of the return flange, a first detent extending inward and downward into the frame face toward the detent riser, and a second detent that extends downward from the detent riser toward the frame face.
 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the first detent and the second detent positioned below a midline of the frame face.
 11. The device of claim 9, wherein: the solar panel frame further includes a panel shelf extending inward from the frame face and a frame top extending inward from an upper end of the frame face and over the panel shelf, the frame top, the panel shelf, and an interior surface of the frame face form a cavity for receiving the active element, and the panel shelf is capable of supporting the active element.
 12. The device of claim 9, wherein the first detent and the second detent positioned below a midline of the frame face.
 13. The device of claim 9, wherein: the second detent includes a first detent portion that extends downward toward the frame face and a second detent portion below the first detent portion that extends downward toward the detent riser.
 14. The device of claim 9, wherein: the detent riser includes an upper end and the second detent extends downward from a detent riser upper end toward the frame face.
 15. The device of claim 9, wherein: the first detent includes a lower detent portion extending inward and downward into the frame face and an upper detent portion positioned above the lower detent portion and extending outward toward the frame face; and the lower detent portion extends inward and downward at a different angle than the upper detent portion extends outward and upward.
 16. A device, comprising: a solar PV panel that includes an active element; and a solar panel frame comprising four frame portions joined together to form a closed frame that surrounds and supports the active element, each frame portion of the four frame portions comprises a frame face that forms an outside face of the closed frame, a return flange extending inward from a bottom end of the frame face, a detent riser extending upward from an end of the return flange, a first detent extending inward and downward into the frame face toward the detent riser, and a second detent that extends downward from the detent riser toward the frame face.
 17. A device, comprising: a solar panel frame comprising four frame portions joined together to form a closed frame that is capable of surrounding and supporting an active element of a solar PV panel, each frame portion of the four frame portions comprises a frame face that forms an outside face of the closed frame, a return flange extending inward from a bottom end of the frame face, a detent riser extending upward from an end of the return flange, a first detent extending inward and downward into the frame face toward the detent riser, and a second detent that extends downward from the detent riser toward the frame face.
 18. The device of claim 16, wherein the first detent and the second detent positioned below a midline of the frame face.
 19. The device of claim 16, wherein: the second detent includes a first detent portion that extends downward toward the frame face and a second detent portion below the first detent portion that extends downward toward the detent riser.
 20. The device of claim 16, wherein: the second detent is triangular shaped.
 21. The device of claim 16, wherein: the detent riser includes an upper end and the second detent extends downward from a detent riser upper end toward the frame face.
 22. The device of claim 16, wherein: the first detent includes a lower detent portion extending inward and downward into the frame face and an upper detent portion positioned above the lower detent portion and extending outward toward the frame face.
 23. The device of claim 22, wherein: the lower detent portion extends inward and downward at a different angle than the upper detent portion extends outward and upward.
 24. The device of claim 16, wherein: the solar panel frame further includes a panel shelf extending inward from the frame face and a frame top extending inward from an upper end of the frame face and over the panel shelf, the frame top, the panel shelf, and an interior surface of the frame face form a cavity for receiving the active element, and the panel shelf forms a support for the active element.
 25. The device of claim 17, wherein the first detent and the second detent positioned below a midline of the frame face.
 26. The device of claim 17, wherein: the solar panel frame further includes a panel shelf extending inward from the frame face and a frame top extending inward from an upper end of the frame face and over the panel shelf, the frame top, the panel shelf, and an interior surface of the frame face form a cavity for receiving the active element, and the panel shelf is capable of supporting the active element.
 27. The device of claim 17, wherein the first detent and the second detent positioned below a midline of the frame face.
 28. The device of claim 17, wherein: the second detent includes a first detent portion that extends downward toward the frame face and a second detent portion below the first detent portion that extends downward toward the detent riser.
 29. The device of claim 17, wherein: the detent riser includes an upper end and the second detent extends downward from a detent riser upper end toward the frame face.
 30. The device of claim 17, wherein: the first detent includes a lower detent portion extending inward and downward into the frame face and an upper detent portion positioned above the lower detent portion and extending outward toward the frame face; and the lower detent portion extends inward and downward at a different angle than the upper detent portion extends outward and upward. 